2019年化石燃料補(bǔ)貼近5000億美元

據(jù)能源世界網(wǎng)6月9日巴黎報(bào)道，根據(jù)兩個(gè)政府間機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)合報(bào)告稱，盡管有氣候危機(jī)，但全球各國(guó)政府在2019年向化石燃料提供了將近5000億美元的補(bǔ)貼。

根據(jù)國(guó)際能源署（IEA）的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，與2018年相比，僅礦物燃料消耗的補(bǔ)貼減少了1200億美元，降幅為27％，這主要是由于石油和天然氣價(jià)格下降。

大力支持使用石油和天然氣的政府包括沙特、中國(guó)、俄羅斯、印度尼西亞、埃及、印度等。

與此同時(shí)，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織（OECD）報(bào)告稱，在2019年對(duì)44個(gè)富裕和新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的化石燃料生產(chǎn)補(bǔ)貼（以現(xiàn)金，稅收減免和其他信貸的形式）增加了38％，達(dá)到550億美元。

IEA和OECD在上周末發(fā)表的聯(lián)合聲明中表示，去年，77個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)補(bǔ)貼合計(jì)達(dá)4,780億美元，同比下降18％。

OECD環(huán)境績(jī)效和信息部門負(fù)責(zé)人納塔莉·吉魯亞德（Nathalie Girouard）告訴法新社稱，補(bǔ)貼的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)意味著更少的資源可能用于其他公共資金，無(wú)論是用于清潔能源研究、創(chuàng)新還是加強(qiáng)社會(huì)安全網(wǎng)。

燃燒石油，天然氣和煤炭-占全球初級(jí)能源使用的80％以上-是導(dǎo)致全球變暖的溫室氣體的主要來(lái)源。

各國(guó)政府早就認(rèn)識(shí)到有必要停止支撐化石燃料的生產(chǎn)和使用。

早在2009年，負(fù)責(zé)二氧化碳排放80%的G20國(guó)家就承諾逐步取消化石燃料補(bǔ)貼。

但是，到目前為止，他們還沒(méi)有兌現(xiàn)這一承諾。

OECD秘書長(zhǎng)古里亞(Angel Gurria)在一份聲明中表示，我很遺憾看到在逐步取消化石燃料支持的努力上出現(xiàn)一些倒退。對(duì)化石燃料進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼是對(duì)公共資金的低效使用，并加劇了溫室氣體排放和空氣污染。

千載難逢的機(jī)會(huì)-商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖們還指出，有必要停止為石油，天然氣及其衍生物的生產(chǎn)和使用提供資金支持。

去年12月，管理著超過(guò)37萬(wàn)億$資產(chǎn)的631家機(jī)構(gòu)投資者批準(zhǔn)了巴黎氣候條約(Paris Climate Treaty)將全球變暖限制在兩攝氏度的目標(biāo)，并呼吁各國(guó)政府“在規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)逐步取消化石燃料補(bǔ)貼”。

IEA執(zhí)行董事法蒂希比羅爾(FatihBirol)表示，隨著2020年上半年因疫情封鎖導(dǎo)致石油、天然氣和煤炭?jī)r(jià)格下跌，政府需要支持其處境最不利的公民的能源需求，同時(shí)將釋放出來(lái)的資金投入到更綠色的經(jīng)濟(jì)中。今天的化石燃料價(jià)格低廉為各國(guó)提供了逐步淘汰消費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼的絕好機(jī)會(huì)。必須避免促使污染和低效技術(shù)的市場(chǎng)扭曲。

根據(jù)能源與清潔空氣研究中心的數(shù)據(jù)，燃燒化石燃料每年導(dǎo)致約450萬(wàn)人過(guò)早死亡。

IEA能源分析師Wataru Matsumura和Zakia Adam去年在博客中寫道，許多補(bǔ)貼的針對(duì)性很差，不成比例地使使用更多補(bǔ)貼燃料的富裕人口受益。這種無(wú)針對(duì)性的補(bǔ)貼政策會(huì)鼓勵(lì)浪費(fèi)性消費(fèi)，推高排放量，并使政府預(yù)算緊張。

郝芬 譯自 能源世界網(wǎng)

原文如下:

2019 fossil fuel subsidies nearly $500 bn: OECD/IEA

Climate crisis notwithstanding, governments subsidised fossil fuels in 2019 to the tune of nearly half-a-trillion dollars, two intergovernmental agencies have jointly reported.

Subsidies for fossil fuel consumption alone declined $120 billion, or 27 percent, compared to 2018 due mainly to lower oil and gas prices, according to International Energy Agency (IEA) figures.

Governments that heavily support the use of oil and gas includeSaudi Arabia, China, Russia, Indonesia, Egypt, India etc..

At the same time, subsidies for fossil fuel production -- in the form of cash, tax breaks and other credits -- increased across 44 rich and emerging economies in 2019 by 38 percent to $55 billion, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reported.

Combined subsidies for both consumption and production last year totalled $478 billion in 77 economies, an 18 percent drop compared to the year before, the IEA and OECD said in a joint statement, released at the end of last week.

"The fiscal burden of subsidies means that fewer resources can be potentially devoted to other public funding, be it for clean-energy research, innovation or to strengthen social safety nets," Nathalie Girouard, head of the OECD's environmental performance and information division, told AFP.

Burning oil, gas and coal -- which account for more than 80 percent of global primary energy use -- is the main source of the greenhouse gases that drive global warming.

Governments have long recognised the need to stop propping up fossil fuel production and use.

As early as 2009, G20 nations responsible for 80 percent of CO2 emissions pledged to gradually eliminate fossil fuel subsidies.

So far, however, they have failed to deliver on that promise.

"I am saddened to see some backsliding on efforts to phase out fossil fuel support," OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurria said in a statement.

"Subsidising fossil fuels is an inefficient use of public money and serves to worsen greenhouse emissions and air pollution."

- 'Golden opportunity' - Business leaders have also flagged the need to stop bankrolling the production and use of oil, gas and their derivatives.

In December, 631 institutional investors managing more than $37 trillion in assets endorsed the Paris climate treaty goal of capping global warming at two degrees Celsius and called on governments to "phase out fossil fuel subsidies by set deadlines".

With oil, gas and coal prices dropping through the floor due to COVID lockdowns in the first part of 2020, governments need to support the energy needs of their least advantaged citizens while channelling the money freed up into a greener economy, said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol.

"Today's low fossil fuel prices offer countries a golden opportunity to phase out consumption subsidies," he said.

"It is essential to avoid market distortions that favour polluting and inefficient technologies."

Burning fossil fuels causes some 4.5 million premature deaths each year, according to the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air.

"Many subsidies are poorly targeted, disproportionally benefiting wealthier segments of the population that use much more of the subsidised fuel," IEA energy analysts Wataru Matsumura and Zakia Adam wrote in a blog last year.

"Such untargeted subsidy policies encourage wasteful consumption, pushing up emissions and straining government budgets."