加拿大成為美國最大能源進口來源國

據全球能源新聞網6月6日報道，根據美國能源信息署EIA數據顯示，加拿大是美國最大的能源進口來源國，也是美國能源出口的第二大目的地，僅次于墨西哥。能源是加拿大和美國貿易的重要組成部分。根據美國人口普查局最新的年度標準國際貿易分類(SITC)數據顯示，2019年，能源占美國從加拿大進口總額的27%，為850億美元。原油和石油產品占美國從加拿大進口能源價值的91%，占美國向加拿大出口能源價值的89%。

2019年，美國向加拿大出口了價值230億美元的原油、石油產品、天然氣和電力，約占美國對加拿大出口總額的8%，為2014年達到峰值后的第二高水平。

2019年，美國從加拿大進口的原油占美國原油進口總量的56%，日均380萬桶，高于2018年的370萬桶。2019年，美國出口加拿大原油日出口量45.9萬桶，加拿大仍是美國原油出口的最大目的地。美國出口到加拿大的原油通常是輕質、低硫的，運往加拿大東部地區(qū)。美國從加拿大進口的原油大多來自阿爾伯塔省(加拿大西部)的油砂，大部分出口到美國中西部的煉油廠。美國從加拿大進口的原油大多是重質，來自阿爾伯塔省(加拿大西部)的油砂，大部分出口到美國中西部的煉油廠。

由于加拿大的管道運輸有時無法滿足加拿大日益增長的原油產量，因此通過鐵路進行原油貿易變得更具吸引力。因此，美國通過鐵路從加拿大進口的原油從2016年的日均9.1萬桶增加到2019年的日均30萬桶，增長了兩倍多。通過鐵路進口的原油有一半以上(17.1萬桶/天)流向了美國墨西哥灣沿岸地區(qū)。

美國和加拿大之間的石油產品貿易在數量和價值上是相對平衡的。加拿大是美國石油和成品油進口的最大來源國。2019年，美國從加拿大進口了創(chuàng)紀錄的61萬桶/天的石油產品，占去年美國石油產品進口總量的26%。這些進口總值超過140億美元。

美國和加拿大之間的天然氣貿易以管道運輸為主，2019年管道運輸占美國天然氣進口總量的98%。從歷史上看，美國進口的天然氣多于通過管道出口到加拿大的天然氣。2019年美國從加拿大進口的天然氣日進口總量為74億立方英尺，價值60億美元。美國從加拿大進口的大部分天然氣原產于加拿大西部，然后運往美國西部和中西部地區(qū)市場。美國出口到加拿大的天然氣主要運往加拿大東部省份。

電力在美國加那大能源貿易中所占的份額很小，但在當地卻很重要。 兩國的電力系統是完全互連的市場，他們共享30多條主要的跨境電力傳輸線，這也為電力系統的可靠性提供了支持。2019年，美國從加拿大進口了5200萬兆瓦時（MWh）的電力，并向加拿大出口了1400萬兆瓦時（MWh）。太平洋西北地區(qū)是向加拿大出口電力的主要來源，大多數從加拿大進口到美國的電力都流向東北部各州。

郝芬 譯自 全球能源新聞網

原文如下：

CANADA IS TODAY THE LARGEST SOURCE OF US ENERGY EXPORTS

According to the EIA (US Energy Administration Agency) Canada is the largest source of U.S. energy imports and the second-largest destination for U.S. energy exports behind only Mexico. Energy is an important component of trade between Canada and the United States. In 2019, based on the latest annual Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) data from the U.S. Census Bureau, energy accounted for US $85 billion, or 27%, of the value of all U.S. imports from Canada. Crude oil and petroleum products accounted for 91% of the value of U.S. energy imports from Canada and 89% of the value of U.S. energy exports to Canada.

The United States exported US $23 billion worth of crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, and electricity to Canada in 2019, about 8% of the value of all U.S. exports to Canada and the second-highest level recorded after peaking in 2014.

U.S. crude oil imports from Canada accounted for 56% of all crude oil imports to the United States in 2019, averaging 3.8 million barrels per day (b/d)—up from 3.7 million b/d in 2018. In 2019, the United States exported 459,000 b/d of crude oil to Canada, which remained the largest destination for U.S. crude oil exports. U.S. crude oil exports to Canada are typically light, sweet grades that are shipped to the eastern part of the country. U.S. crude oil imports from Canada tend to be heavy and are sourced from oil sands in Alberta (Western Canada), and most of these exports flow to U.S. Midwest refineries.

Crude oil trade by rail has become more attractive because pipeline capacity in Canada has at times been insufficient to accommodate Canada’s growing crude oil production. Consequently, U.S. imports of Canada’s crude oil by rail have more than tripled from an average of 91,000 b/d in 2016 to an average of 300,000 b/d in 2019. More than half of the crude oil volume imported by rail (171,000 b/d) went to the U.S. Gulf Coast region.

Petroleum product trade between the United States and Canada is relatively balanced in both volume and value. Canada is the largest source of U.S. petroleum and refined products imports. In 2019, the United States imported a record 610,000 b/d of petroleum products from Canada, or 26% of all U.S. petroleum product imports last year. These imports were valued at more than US $14 billion.

Natural gas trade between the United States and Canada is dominated by pipeline shipments, which accounted for 98% of all U.S. natural gas imports in 2019. Historically, the United States has imported more natural gas than it has exported by pipeline to Canada. Natural gas imports from Canada in 2019 totaled 7.4 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) and were valued at US $6 billion in 2019. Most of the natural gas the United States imported from Canada originated in Western Canada and was shipped to U.S. markets in the West and Midwest regions. U.S. natural gas exports to Canada mainly go into the eastern provinces of Canada.

Electricity accounts for a small—but locally important—share of U.S.-Canada energy trade. The electricity systems of both countries are fully interconnected markets, and they share more than 30 major cross-border electric transmission lines, which also supports electric system reliability. In 2019, the United States imported 52 million megawatthours (MWh) of electricity from Canada and exported 14 million megawatthours (MWh) to Canada. The Pacific Northwest is a primary source of electricity exports to Canada and most electricity imported into the United States from Canada goes to states in the Northeast.